The Invincible class is a class of 22,000-ton light carriers currently in service with the Royal Navy. Originally designed during the cold war to operate in the North Atlantic against Soviet submarines, the Invincible class has been continuously updated to bring them into the 21st century before their replacement by the new larger Queen Elizabeth class carriers from 2015. The Invincible-class carrier fleet consists of three vessels: HMS Ark Royal (R07), HMS Illustrious (R06) and the now-decommissioned HMS Invincible (R05). Each vessel is equipped to carry 22 aircraft including the BAE Harrier Gr7/9 V/STOL strike fighter and Westland Sea King and AW Merlin Helicopters. A notable feature of the Invincible class is the 'ski ramp' flight deck, designed to assist fully laden fixed-wing harriers into the air from the relatively short deck.
The Royal Navy uses the Invincible class vessels in a force projection role, performing maritime strike operations and providing air cover for landings and ground deployments where airfields may be unavailable. Each vessel is defended by three independantly radar-controlled Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) Gun turrets and two 20mm Cannon for surface engagements.
The Invincible class carries a full crew complement of over 1000 Royal Navy personnel, including 350 Air Group personnel and over 650 Ship's Company. The crew perform a wide variety of jobs on board including engineers, caterers and medical personnel. Each vessel may also carry a complement of 500 Royal Marines.
The class distinguished itself during the 1982 Falklands war, when HMS Invincible herself oversaw Royal Navy and Royal Marine operations around the islands, and her Sea Dart missiles and Sea Harrier fighters were responsible for many victories over attacking Argentine aicraft. HMS Invincible left Royal Navy service in 2005 when she was mothballed, ready for rapid reactivation until 2010 when she was permanently decommissioned.
A Career in the Royal Navy may well see you serving on one of these impressive vessels. Royal Navy careers cover a wide range of functions, skills and education levels. Depending on how you perform during the selection process the career of your dreams may be waiting for you onboard and Invincible Class Aircraft Carrier.
To learn about Royal Navy Careers visit our website at www.military-careers.co.uk now!
The Panavia Tornado GR4
By militarycareerguide
The Panavia Tornado GR4 is the mainstay of the Royal Air Force's ground attack fleet. Designed in the 1970s by a Consortium of British, German and Italian aerospace manufacturers, the Tornado is a supersonic, two-seat, low-level precision strike aircraft which is almost unmatched in the ground attack role.
The source of the Tornado's capability comes not only from its two powerful RB199 Afterburning Turbofan engines, but also its complex Variable Geometry 'swing' wings which can be swept back to reduce drag at high speed, or extended to give excellent stability and handling at low speeds. Its terrain-following radar and night vision systems enable it to operate at altitudes of less than 500 feet even at night or in bad weather. The Tornado can deliver a wide variety of weaponry including Laser Guided Bombs, Area-Denial Cluster Bombs, Anti-Radar Missiles, Anti-ship Missiles, Cruise Missiles and unguided bombs in addition to its internal 27mm Mauser BK-27 cannon.
The Tornado F3 variant operates as a supersonic interceptor forming the UK's Air Defence force, but is slowly being replaced by the more advanced Eurofighter Typhoon.
Production ran from 1979 to 1998 but the RAF's Tornado Fleet continues to receive upgrades, including a major mid-life update from GR1 to GR4 standard in the late 1990s, to keep it at the forefront of technology well into the 21st century.
Tornados carry a crew of two, a Pilot in the front seat and a Navigator in the rear. Genarally the Pilot concentrates on flying the aircraft while Navigator's job is to operate the weapons systems and coordinate with other forces in the area.
To learn about Military Careers Guides for the British Army, Navy and RAF visit our website at www.military-careers.co.uk now!
Women in Science Pay a Higher Professional Price for Matrimony than Men
By bobo
Female scientists are paid about one-third less than men colleagues in the health and bio-logical fields, according to the largest survey ever of life sciences workers' salaries. Salaries for women averaged about $72000 compared with $94 000. for men, or almost 31% more, the American Association for the Advancement of Science said.
The association said the higher pay for men was explained, in part, by the fact that more males are further in their career cycle, have worked longer and are in the high-income field of medicine. But Catherine Didion, executive director of the Association for Women in Science, said that explanation is the argument made two decades ago, but it is hard to IWC Replica make that argument now. She said that women now are strongly represented in the life sciences approaching 50 % in some fields and that there is no reason for a continuing gender-disparity in salaries.
The survey found that gender difference in salaries was the highest among physicians and executives in life science companies and organizations. For instance, the survey found that the average salary for male executive managers in life science companies was $ 160 000, while salaries for females in comparable positions averaged $ 125 000. Among physicians, male salaries averaged $ 125 000 compared with $ 90 000 for women. This suggests some systematic male-female differences in pay, the survey said.
Though we are inclined to believe that the laws of physics are fundamental, their development has shown that even such laws may be applicable only to certain classes of phenomena. When more refined measurements are made, phenomena may appear whose explanation requires still more basic laws. Examples are the laws of classical mechanics, which at the atomic level had to be replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics. Mechanics valid for particles at comparatively small speeds had to be replaced by the theory of relativity for particles at speeds coming close to that of light.
The survey also found that women in science pay a higher professional price for matrimony than men scientists do. Two-thirds of female scientists in the survey said their careers had been limited at least a little by the demands of the career of a spouse or domestic partner. About one-quarter of the female respondents said that their careers were affected a lot by their marriages. In contrast, only 7% of the male scientists said their careers were limited significantly by the careers of their spouses. Among female scientists who took leave for personal, medical or family reasons, 37% said it limited their careers "a lot" and 39% said there was at least a small effect. Among male scientists, only 11% felt their career was limited to any degree by family leave.
In other areas, the survey found that salaries for life scientist rose over a 12-month period by 7%, almost double the increase for the average American worker. Median salaries for Replica Tag Heuer academic life scientists averaged $ 80 000, while for nonacademic life scientists the median was $ 96 000, the survey found.
The survey was based on questionnaires mailed to about 20 000 researchers, managers, professors, teachers or clinicians in the life and health care sciences. There were a total of 8 692 responses used in the survey's results. According to the AAAS, the world's largest general scientific organization and the publisher of the journal Science, this response gave the survey results a reliability of plus or minus 1 percentage point.
At luv-replica.com we definitely bring out your desired Replica Watches without asking for the unimaginable amounts that the authentic watch manufacturers want you to pay.